By Liu Leina
3月5日，欧盟委员会公布欧盟首个《欧洲国防工业战略》，旨在通过防务产业调整带动军备投资，推动欧盟新版防务计划（以下简称“计划”）尽快落地。外媒称，“计划”紧跟《欧洲国防工业战略》出台，体现了欧盟以产业发展为幌子，加紧填补军火缺口、发展高新技术、提升欧洲整体军事实力的意图。
On March 5, the European Commission announced its first-ever European Defense Industrial Strategy (EDIS), aiming to drive investment in armaments through defense industry restructuring and expedite the implementation of its new version of defense program (hereinafter referred to as the "program"). Foreign media remarked that the introduction of the program closely following the EDIS reveals EU’s intention to hasten arms deficiency remediation, foster cutting-edge technologies and enhance the overall military strength of Europe under the guise of industrial development.
根据外媒披露的“计划”草案，2035年前，欧盟将实现超过50%的武器系统在欧盟内部采购，并建立相应机制，确保在出现短缺或危机事态时，能够立即获取核心技术或关键部件供应，扭转目前从第三国购买大部分军事装备的局面。
According to the draft program disclosed by foreign media, the EU will achieve the goal of purchasing more than 50% of their weapons system from within the alliance by 2035 and establish corresponding mechanisms to ensure the immediate accessibility of core technologies or key components in case of shortage or crises, thereby changing the unfavorable situation of purchasing most military equipment from third countries.
欧盟委员会将新设国防工业战备委员会，主要职能是协调投资融资事宜，促进欧洲各国间防务合作。在防务能力方面，欧洲军工综合体将大规模生产弹药和无人机等，加强网络和太空领域作战能力，重点支持“网络盾牌”、欧洲一体化防空和导弹防御系统、太空威胁感应系统等项目。
The European Commission will establish a new Defense Industrial Readiness Board mainly designed to coordinate investment financing and promote defense cooperation between European countries. In terms of defense capabilities, the European defense-industrial complex will manufacture munitions and drones on a large scale, strengthen combat capabilities in the cyber and space fields, and prioritize projects such as Cyber Shield, European integrated air and missile defense systems, and space threat sensing systems.
根据“计划”草案，欧盟各国将在欧洲防务基金框架下采购所需装备和技术，以期在2025年前实现快反部队稳定行动和快速部署，大幅提升战略运输、部队防护、网络防御、卫星通信和情报侦察与监视能力。
According to the draft program, the EU countries will procure their demanded equipment and technologies under the framework of the European Defense Fund, with a view to achieving stable operations and speedy deployment of rapid reaction forces by 2025, and significantly improving strategic transport, force protection, cyber defense, satellite communication, and intelligence reconnaissance and surveillance capabilities.
与此同时，欧盟和北约将按照“单一部队建设原则”，确保在防务领域协同互补。欧盟官员强调，加大国防军工产业投入，增强军备韧性，北约和欧盟都会因此受益。
Meanwhile, the EU and NATO will foster coordination and complementarity in the defense field based on the principle of building a single force. The EU officials emphasized that both NATO and the EU will benefit from ramping up defense industry investment and boosting armament resilience.
在具体军事行动方面，欧盟将促进和加快用于军事部署的北约人员物资、武器装备无障碍流动和过境。同时延续目前在红海、波斯湾水域的相关行动，将兵力运用样式由打击海盗、维和维稳，调整为更广泛的海上安全行动，实现与北约部队在任务上的分工和行动方面的衔接。在网络空间和太空领域，欧盟将加大投资，发挥尖端技术优势、提升军备软实力，与北约合作应对各类威胁。
In respect of specific military operations, the EU will facilitate and accelerate unobstructed movement and transit of NATO’s personnel, weaponry and other materials for military deployment. Furthermore, it will continue the relevant operations in the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf and reconfigure the troops' application patterns from anti-piracy and peacekeeping roles to a broader set of maritime security actions, thereby achieving coordination and alignment with NATO troops in terms of task division and operations. In the cyberspace and outer space fields, it will increase investment, leverage its cutting-edge technologies, lift military soft power, and jointly address various threats with NATO.
外界分析认为，欧盟新版“计划”的实质是加大防务投资、加强军队建设、扩大装备规模。不过，从时机和局势看，其能发挥多大作用仍有待观察。
It is believed that the new version of EU program fundamentally targets at expanding defense investment, strengthening military construction, and enlarging armament size. However, its effectiveness remains to be observed considering the timing and the situations.
欧洲内部已不是“铁板一块”。近期，欧盟两大“领头羊”法国和德国，围绕防务一体化形式、欧洲军备外向型发展等问题出现公开分歧。波兰、捷克等新欧洲国家，以及瑞典、芬兰等北欧国家对联合军工产业态度不一。此外，欧盟各国在投资意愿方面也存在分歧。作为欧盟防务重大“吸金”项目，“计划”即便在欧盟内部达成一致，也可能在防务分担时再次出现争执。
One the one hand, Europe is beset with internal disunity and discord. Recently, France and Germany, the two bellwethers of the EU, have exhibited overt divergences over issues such as the defense integration patterns and the outward-oriented development of European armaments. There is also a disparity in the attitudes regarding the military-industrial complex between New European countries like Poland and the Czech Republic and Nordic countries like Sweden and Finland. In addition, EU countries are divided over their inclinations toward investment. As a major costly defense project of the EU, the program will see a reemergence of contradictions around defense allocations even with a consensus within the EU.
“计划”还被指“生不逢时”。今年，欧盟、北约各国都将迎来大选，政治外交的不确定性，可能冲击“计划”的落地效果。比如，特朗普可能重返白宫已引发欧洲多国战略焦虑，在“美国优先”的利己主义旗帜下，欧盟很难指望北约提供有效安全防护。还有分析称，欧盟更像是一个“商人”，不断武装军事力量，却没有建立有效的指挥关系。快反部队“有形式无规模”，有限兵力和军备资源在战时只能充当北约的欧洲军团。
On the other hand, the program is also deemed as unfavorably timed. With the arrival of elections in various EU and NATO countries this year, the implementation effectiveness of the program may be impacted due to the political and diplomatic uncertainties. For example, Donald Trump's possible reentry to the White House has sparked strategic anxiety in many European countries, as under the egoistic "America first" policy advocated by his administration, the EU can hardly count on NATO to deliver effective security protection. Other analyses indicate that the EU is more like a "merchant" that constantly arms itself with military strength but has not formed effective command relations. The EU’s quick response force is structured but lacks a significant presence, whose limited military capabilities and armament resources can only serve as NATO's military corps in Europe during wartime.
