李宁,万松镜

By Li Ning and Wan Songjing

日前,正在印度科钦造船厂建造的印度首艘国产航母“维克兰特”号发生盗窃事件，舰上4台电脑的硬盘、内存条和处理器被人拆下盗走，当地警方已成立调查组追查。

India’s first homemade aircraft carrier Vikrant, which is under construction at the Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL), had a break-in recently. The hard disks, memory chips and processors of four computers onboard the carrier were dismantled and taken away, and local police has set up a team to investigate the case.

印度海军称，被盗电脑内的信息属于船厂，航空母舰还没有移交给海军，并没有印度海军资料，不会对国家安全构成威胁。不管此事是否会对印度国家安全造成负面影响，印度军工积弊还是再一次暴露在世界面前。

The Indian navy claimed that the information stored in the stolen computers belonged to the shipyard and no naval information was stolen as the aircraft carrier hasn’t been delivered to the navy yet, so the theft won’t pose any national security threat. But whether this will affect India’s national security or not, the long-standing problems of India’s military industry were once again laid bare in front of the world.

此次发生盗窃事件的“维克兰特”号航母于2008年开工，计划2010年下水，但由于经验不足、工业基础差等因素，直到2013年才正式下水，预计将于2021年交付。

The aircraft carrier Vikrant where the theft took place started construction in 2008 and was originally scheduled to be launched in 2010, but didn’t make it until 2013 due to lack of experience and poor industrial strength. It is expected to be delivered in 2021.

虽说2013年的下水是“正式”的，但当时完成度只有30%。“维克兰特”号还“非正式”下水过两次。一次是在2011年，船厂需要腾出干船坞保障其他工程。另一次则是在2015年，在2013年正式下水后，“维克兰特”号又被拖回干船坞继续建造，成为世界造船史上的一大“奇观”。

Although the aircraft carrier was “formally” launched in 2013, it was only 30% completed at the time. Besides, it has also been twice transferred from dry dock into water, informally, one time in 2011 when the shipyard needed the dry dock for other projects and the other time in 2015, when Vikrant was brought back to the dry dock to continue construction after it was officially launched.

2018年，科钦造船厂正在维修的钻井船发生爆炸事故，幸未波及“维克兰特”号，否则该舰交付时间还将拖延。这一系列事件表明，科钦造船厂在生产计划、组织、管理、安全等方面存在严重问题，“维克兰特”号按期交付似乎并不乐观。

In 2018, a drill ship under repair at CSL exploded but fortunately didn’t affect Vikrant, whose delivery time hadn’t been delayed thereafter. The series of events point to CSL’s serious problems in production planning, organization, management and security, and the prospects of Vikrant’s delivery as scheduled remain pessimistic.

上述这些问题是印度军工企业的普遍问题。如印度唯一一家飞机制造公司——印度斯坦航空有限公司，就以高事故率“闻名于世”，其组装、维修过的飞机颇多坠毁。仅在1994年至2004年的10年时间里，该公司组装米格-21战斗机2架，大修8架，其中8架坠毁；组装“美洲虎”攻击机3架，大修5架，其中6架坠毁；大修“幻影”-2000战斗机4架，全部坠毁；大修米格-29战斗机3架，全部坠毁。

The aforementioned problems are widespread in Indian military enterprises. Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. or HAL, the only aircraft manufacturer of India, is known for its high accident rate and many of the planes assembled or repaired by it have crashed. In the decade from 1994 to 2004, HAL assembled two Mig-21 warplanes and overhauled eight ones, eight of which crashed; assembled three SEPECAT Jaguar attackers and overhauled five ones, six of which crashed; overhauled four Mirage 2000 fighters and three Mig-29 ones, all of which crashed.

印度军工业之所以问题频发、积重难返，首先是因为印度在武器装备方面长期依赖进口，忽视自主研发，即便印度政府近些年来采取措施加强军工自主性，但问题根深蒂固、一时难解。

The primary reason for the frequent and serious problems in Indian military industry is its consistent dependency on weapon and equipment import and neglect of independent R&D. Even though the Indian government has taken some measures in recent years to fortify the independence of its military industry, the deep-rooted problems cannot be solved overnight.

其次，印度工业基础薄弱。印度国家工业自主化程度长期徘徊在15%左右，工业能力差，难以为军工业提供合格原材料和零部件等。如“维克兰特”号航空母舰是印度第一艘采用印度国产钢材建造的军舰，由于国产钢材产能不足，科钦造船厂曾数次停工等料。

The second reason is India’s weak industrial foundation. Its national industrial independence rate has lingered around 15% for many years, and the backward industrial capacity is unable to provide qualified raw materials and parts and components for the military industry. For instance, Vikrant is the first warship that is made of Indian-made steels, but CSL had to stop working several times during its construction to wait for materials because India doesn’t have sufficient steel output.

同时，印度缺乏军工人才，在质量和数量上都不能满足军工发展的需求，这使得印度军工项目往往持续几十年之久，如上世纪80年代开始研制的“毒蛇”反坦克导弹，今年才宣布投入量产，研制时间超过30年，跨越两个世纪。

Meanwhile, India is short of military industrial talents, who cannot meet the country’s needs for military industrial development either in quality or quantity. As a result, India’s military industrial project easily lasts for decades. For instance, it began to develop the Nag anti-tank missile in the 1980s, but the missile was only put into mass production this year, lasting more than 30 years across two centuries.

最后，印军提出的武器装备指标好高骛远、不切实际，往往超出印度军工业的技术水平和制造能力。此前，曾曝出印度海军考虑在“维克兰特”号同级舰“维沙尔”号上安装电磁弹射器和核动力系统的消息，这显然是不顾原始设计和实际情况的想法。同时，印军还存在严重的军购贪腐问题，销售国产装备，往往需要给经办人员回扣。

At last, the weapon and equipment targets the Indian military proposed are too high to be realistic and well beyond the technical level and manufacturing capability of its military industry. There was news that the Indian navy planned to install electromagnetic catapult and nuclear power system on Vishal, another Vikrant-class carrier, which was obviously in disregard of the carrier’s original design and actual situation. Moreover, corruption and graft are appalling in India’s military procurement, and any sale of homemade equipment comes with a kickback.