石宏
By Shi Hong
美国海军部日前正式发布的《无人作战框架》报告，提出了一份野心勃勃的计划。报告提出，为应对所谓大国竞争带来的“重大挑战”，美国海军和海军陆战队必须打造有人系统和无人系统共同组成的“混合部队”。
The US Department of the Navy recently released the Unmanned Campaign Framework , putting forward an ambitious plan. The documentpoints out that the Navy and Marine Corps will seek to achievea seamlesslyintegrated manned-unmanned force across alldomains to cope with the “central challenge ”posed by the so-called major-power competition.
此前，美军去年就提出未来5年投入27亿美元打造一支由10艘大型无人水面舰艇组成的无人舰队，用于独立作战或与水面部队联合作战。今年1月11日发布的《海军作战部长指导计划》，也呼吁建立包括大型战舰、各型无人舰、潜航器和空袭装备的人机混合舰队，为未来几十年所谓的新威胁环境做好全域作战准备。
Last year the US military proposed to invest USD 2.7 billion in the next five years to build an unmanned fleet of 10 large surface vessels that would either operate independently or in conjunction with surface forces. The CNO NAVPLAN released on January 11 also called for building an integrated fleet comprising large warships, unmanned vessels of various types, underwater vehicles, and airstrike devices to get ready for all-domain combat in a so-called environment of new threats over the coming decades.
无人系统在作战中具有显著的优势，包括适合复杂危险作战环境、减轻关键作战人员的负担、增强部队的韧性、减少人员伤亡等。也正因为如此，美国海军和海军陆战队多年来已经采购装备了相当数量的无人系统。
Unmanned systems have notable advantages in combat, such as adapting to complicated and dangerous combat environments, lessening the burden on key combat personnel, increasing troop agility, and reducing casualties. That’s precisely why the US Navy and Marine Corps have purchased and deployed such a staggering amount of unmanned systems over the years.
在无人机领域，美国海军有MQ-8C“火力侦察兵”无人直升机、MQ-4C“海神”固定翼侦察和监视无人机，并且还在发展新的MQ-25A“黄貂鱼”舰载无人加油机；美国海军陆战队则拥有MQ-9A“收割者”察打一体无人机。
Regarding unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), the US Navy has the MQ-8C Fire Scout unmanned helicopter and MQ-4C Triton fixed-wing unmanned aircraft system (UAS) of intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR), and is developing the new MQ-25A Stingraycarrier -based, unmanned refueling aircraft; while the US Marine Corps has the MQ-9A Reaper for Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance (ISTAR), and attack missions .
在水面，美国海军已经装备了第一艘“海上猎人”反潜战持续跟踪无人艇，还在研制能够携带武器的大型无人艇。在水下，美国海军装备了可由水面舰船和潜艇投放、回收的多款水下无人潜航器、水下滑翔机。
Above water, the US Navy has already deployed the first Sea HunterAnti-Submarine Warfare Continuous Trail Unmanned Vessel and is developing large unmanned ships capable of carrying weapons. Underwater, it is equipped with a raft of unmanned vehicles and gliders that can be launched and recovered by surface vessels and submarines.
在地面，美国海军陆战队正在验证使用“远征火力遥控地面单元”，主要用来发射“海军打击导弹”，并由无人机为其提供目标指示，实施远程打击。
Over the ground, the US Marine Corps is validating the “Remotely Operated Ground Unit for Expeditionary Fires (ROGUE-Fires )” that is mainly used to launch Naval Strike Missile (NSM ) for remote assaults with UAVs positioning the targets for it.
然而，这些并未能够满足美国海军部的胃口。除了提出新的无人舰队和无人机发展计划外，美国海军陆战队司令大卫•伯杰还提出，未来陆战队大部分的远征后勤任务也将由无人系统担负。
Still, these are not enough for the Department of the Navy. In addition to the new unmanned fleet and UAV development plan, commandant of the Marine CorpsGen. David H. Berger also said most logistics missions for future expeditions would be carried out by unmanned systems.
不过，这些野心勃勃的计划能否真正落实，还存在一定变数。美国众议院海上力量和兵力投送小组委员会高级成员罗伯•魏特曼日前表示，他认同无人系统重要性与日俱增的观点，但无人系统的发展目标应该是“确实”而非“迅速”，因为美国已经数次尝过缺乏扎实论证、匆忙投入研发生产新型武器装备的苦果。
But whether these ambitious plans will come through is to be seen. Rob Wittman, a Ranking Member of the Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces at US House of Representatives, said recently that he recognized the growing importance of unmanned systems, but the goals for their development must be substantial rather than swift. He said America has eaten enough bitter fruits hurrying into the R&D and manufacturing of new weapons and equipment without solid and substantiated demonstration.
他要求美国海军部在给无人系统投入资源之前，要切实证明相关技术已足够成熟，并且对未来作战概念有充分了解。显然《无人作战框架》提出的计划要落到实处，特别是要说服美国国会为海军和海军陆战队发展无人系统拨款，还面临很多挑战。
Rob asked the US Department of the Navy to validate the maturity of relevant technologies before making any input to unmanned systems and to fully understand what future warfare will be like. Obviously, there are many barriers to putting the Unmanned Campaign Framework into practice, especially to persuade Congress to appropriate funds for the Navy and Marine Corps’ unmanned system development.
魏特曼的质疑不无道理。这份报告也承认，当前无人系统所面临的最大挑战，就是如何在资源有限的情况下，快速且同步地发展出完整的无人作战体系。因为无人系统如果无法与有人系统、自主行动技术、通信系统、相关载荷、通用接口等必要项目齐头并进，将无法发挥战斗力。
Rob Wittman’s doubts make sense, and the report admits that the biggest challenge to unmanned system development now is how to quickly and synchronously develop a complete unmanned combat system with limited resources. Unmanned systems cannot fully exert themselves unless they are matched with corresponding manned systems, autonomous operation technologies, communication systems, loads, and general interfaces.
此外，尽管急于获得拨款的美国海军部言之凿凿，但关于无人系统被赋予“杀人权”后的伦理争议等问题，仍然没有可行的解决办法。毕竟，在阿富汗、伊拉克等战场上，美国无人机空袭带来的平民伤亡一直都被外界诟病。《无人作战框架》提出大力发展无人系统的计划，无疑将进一步加重美国公众乃至国际社会的忧虑。
Besides, despite the eloquence of the Department of the Navy eager to secure the funding, there is no feasible solution yet to the moral and ethical controversy over granting unmanned systems the “right to kill”. After all, airstrikes executed by American UAVs in Afghanistan and Iraq that caused immense civilian casualties are still being condemned. The Unmanned Campaign Framework, which proposes such an ambitious plan for unmanned systems, will definitely aggravate the worries of both the American public and the international community.
