李志伟

By Li Zhiwei

日前，一份题为《军事干预项目：1776年—2019年美国军事干预的新数据集》的研究报告表明，冷战后，美国愈发倾向于使用武力而非外交手段，海外军事干预愈演愈烈。报告认为，美国军事霸权主义危害全球和平稳定。

A recently released research report titled “Introducing the Military Intervention Project: A new Dataset on US Military Interventions, 1776-2019” showed that the US has displayed a growing tendency to use force rather than diplomatic means after the Cold War, with ever more frequent military interventions overseas. The report pointed out that America’s military hegemonism imperils global peace and stability.

这份报告由美国塔夫茨大学教授莫妮卡·达菲·托夫特、马萨诸塞州布里奇沃特州立学院助理教授西迪塔·库希撰写。报告显示，自美国建国以来，在1776年至2019年期间，美国在全球进行了近400次军事干预，仅二战后，美国就进行了200多次军事干预。冷战结束后，美国的海外军事干预行动不减反增，超过1/4的军事干预发生在这一时期。

The report is jointly authored by Monica Duffy Toft, a professor at Tufts University, and Sidita Kushi, an assistant professor at Bridgewater State University. According to the report, the US has done nearly 400 military interventions between 1776 and 2019, of which more than 200 happened after WWII. After the end of the Cold War, its overseas military interventions increased, with over 1/4 in this period.

根据报告，在近400次海外军事干预行动中，34%针对拉丁美洲和加勒比地区，23%针对东亚和太平洋地区，14%针对中东和北非地区，13%针对欧洲地区。当前，美国对中东和北非以及撒哈拉以南非洲地区的军事干预呈现上升趋势。

The report also detailed that 34% of the nearly 400 overseas military interventions were targeted at nations in Latin America and the Caribbean, 23% in East Asia and the Pacific, 14% in the Middle East and North Africa, and 13% in Europe. Military interventions in the Middle East, North Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa are on the rise.

“‘9·11’事件后，美国受到武力威胁的环境是不存在的，但美国使用武力却接连不断。仅2000年以来，美国就进行了30次4级干预（使用武力）或5级干预（战争）。冷战后期大国冲突和旨在保护美国重要利益的事件有所减少，但美国军事干预的频率不减反增。在相对和平时期，美国的军事霸权主义思维持续存在。”报告认为，美国根深蒂固的军事霸权主义和干涉主义思维日益增长。

After the 9/11 attacks, the US was actually no longer exposed to any threat of force, but it has grown more rampant in using it. “Since 2000, alone, the US has engaged in 30 interventions at level 4 (usage of force) or 5 (war). The post-Cold War era has produced fewer greater power conflicts and instances in which to defend vital US interests, yet US military interventions continue at high rates and higher hostilities.” “Thus, this militaristic pattern persists during a time of relative peace, one of arguably fewer direct threats to the US homeland and security.” The report believed America’s ingrained mentality of military hegemonism and intervention has grown even stronger and more stubborn.

报告指出，有学者认为，美国在利比亚等国家的军事干预几乎都没有实现其人道主义和民主化的目标。另一些学者认为，美国在海外使用武力，产生了灾难性后果。一些学者还将美国当前的对外交往模式称为完全通过武力进行的外交。报告说，在过去几年，“美国大使在世界1/3的国家开展活动，而美国特种作战人员却在3/4的国家开展活动”。

Some scholars pointed out that America’s military interventions in countries like Libya have barely realized the “humanitarian” and “democratizing” goals. Others pointed to the disastrous consequences of America’s use of force overseas, while some called Washington’s current pattern of foreign exchanges force-based diplomacy. The report said, in the past few years, American ambassadors are working in 1/3 of the countries in the world, but American special forces are in 3/4 of the countries.

报告认为，近年来美国越来越依赖将武力作为外交政策工具。根据瑞典斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所的估算，美国每年军费开支约8000亿美元，占全球军费开支的近40%。库希说，美国的全球军事足迹可能会让许多美国人感到惊讶，“美国所作所为的合法性受到严重质疑”。

The report held that the US has become more dependent on force as a diplomatic policy tool over recent years. Sweden-based Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) estimated its annual military spending at about 800 billion US dollars, almost 40% of the world’s total. Kushi said America’s global military footprints may shock many Americans, and that the legitimacy of what it has done is seriously doubted.

位于英国伦敦的“中东眼”新闻网针对这份报告发表评论说，长期以来，美国对外军事干预带来的结果通常是灾难性的。

London-based online news website Middle East Eye (MEE) commented on the report that over the years, America’s foreign military interventions have usually brought disastrous consequences.

美国卡托研究所今年3月发布的一份报告同样印证了美国对外军事干预的灾难性后果。该报告指出，长达20年的阿富汗战争就是美国干预他国造成灾难性后果的最新案例，与上世纪美国对拉丁美洲的军事干预一样，美国未能增强阿富汗政府履行最基本职能的能力。卡托研究所的报告指出，美国的军事干预在维护和平方面也是失败的，战争的可能性随着美国人的到来而增加。“换句话说，战争的爆发往往伴随着美国官员的到来。”

This was corroborated by a report issued by America’s Cato Institute in March 2022, which cited the 20-year-long Afghan War as the latest case in point. Just like the military interventions of the US in Latin America last century, its interventions in Afghanistan failed to enhance the Afghan government's capability of performing the most basic functions. The report also exposed the failed attempt of those military interventions at preserving peace, whereas the likelihood of war has only increased with the arrival of Americans. In other words, the arrival of American officials was usually accompanied by the breakout of war.

荷兰“伯尔尼兹杂志网站”刊文指出，若要评估美国二战结束以来的外交政策，很容易得出这样的结论，“美国大多数军事干预或多或少都以相同的方式灾难性地结束了”。自“9·11”事件以来，华盛顿在世界各地的军事活动非常活跃，但现实是，“美国的军事战略具有独特的反作用”。

The Bernese Magazine of the Netherlands published an article on its website saying that a review of America’s diplomatic policies since the end of WWII would easily come to the conclusion that most of America’s military interventions have more or less ended in the same disastrous manner. Washington has carried out all kinds of military activities over the world since the 9/11 attacks, but the reality is that its military strategy is specially and strangely counterproductive.